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The engine management papers: Modernization of Architecture Management (China Professional Paper) (2009-11-26 10:18:55)
R N Engineering Management Paper: At present, there are problems such as unreasonable organizational structure, incompetent research on the general contracting management model, unprepared management system, and irregular behavior of owners' behavior. It is necessary to start from regulating the general contracting scale, rationalizing the general contracting management mechanism, establishing and improving laws and regulations, as well as regulating the behavior of owners' behavior, strengthen the management of general contracting of engineering projects, better integrate with international standards, and improve the level of general contract management and competitiveness.
• Keywords: Modernization of architectural management
Foreword
After joining the WTO, international competition has become increasingly fierce. The arrival of the times is worth pondering. This article attempts to use the analysis of the model, characteristics and problems of the general contract management, and put forward some countermeasures to strengthen the general contracting management of the project in order to better integrate with international practice and better improve the level of general contract management management. Eight project contract management models are often used internationally: parallel contracting, general contracting (also divided into EPC, D-B, E-P, P-C, etc.), general contracting, construction consortium, construction cooperation, CM mode, NC mode and BOT /PFI mode. The general contracting model of the project has become the mainstream model and development direction of engineering contracting due to its characteristics of design and construction. The CM mode is suitable for extra large projects for edge design, bidding, and construction with tight construction requirements. The NC model is the general contracting management model of transformed design and construction integrated projects after the owner completes the preliminary design. The BOT model is a general contract management model for construction, operation, and transfer.
1 The main problems existing in the management of general contracting in my country
1.1 The structure of the general contractor is unreasonable
due to the long -term planned economy, the three -way separatist situation of enterprises, departments and regions has been formed. In the short term, in the short term It is difficult to form the economic scale under professional collaboration. The policy of comprehensive reform in the construction industry is unclear, such as the restructuring of survey and design units, and the general contracting of the project has not been used as the leading direction. According to statistics, 23 of the 35 new qualification categories are divided according to the department. This kind of market access method and cross -management method of various politics have caused the industry's monopoly and market division. One of the roots. Due to the unreasonable organizational structure of the enterprise, a large company has a small company, a small company is not small, and there are too many enterprises with first -level general contracting qualifications, which will lead to excessive competition on the general contract management platform. Low, the profit space is small.
1.2 The general contracting management model is not deeply understood, and the management system is unreasonable
The people are vague about the concept of general contract management and more misunderstandings. Some people believe that the general contract management is the construction fee to add management fees, which is the "peeling" contracted method that increases the management fee. The management concept of "small owners, large supervisors, and general contracting" has not been fundamentally understood and implemented. In the early 1990s, my country introduced the FIDIC clauses and the responsibility system used in Europe, which enabled Chinese enterprises to understand the general practice of international contract management and received good results in some domestic key projects. However, it is not much to know about the CM model, NC mode, and BOT/PFI mode, and the research is not deep. This is very unfavorable for my country's general contracting companies to face the opportunity and challenge after joining the WTO.
1.3 Owners still have irregular behaviors
Due to the differences in the purpose of the owner's construction and fundraising methods, the understanding of relevant laws and regulations is different. As a result, some owners have dismembered, cut, and block large projects to avoid their restrictions. In section bidding, there are phenomena such as price contracting, cashting of capital contracting, random subcontracting, arrears of project funds, and even request for rebate, which is not conducive to the effective development of the general contract management management of the project.
.4 The status of general contracting is not clear. It is difficult for the subcontracting market to form
The relevant contracting laws and regulations is not perfect. The regulations of the Survey and Design Management Regulations are many. From the perspective of market changes and needs, the modification of the content and the research, exploration and reference of the corresponding systems of developed countries have been urgent. The international big contractor generally does not have its own construction team. After the general contracting, most of the projects are subcontracted to different professional subcontractors; and my country's stipulated that the main structure of the main structure must be completed by the general contracting enterprise. This is the development of the general contracting management of the project. The formation of the subcontracting market occupies serious restrictions on the international and domestic markets.
.5 composite talents lack, the quality of managers is not high
Them levels of pure civil engineering, and compound talents who master new technologies, understand foreign languages, know the law, and good management are seriously lacking It also needs to be improved.
2 Strengthen the management of the project general contracting
In the WTO, on the one hand, the economic globalization is the vitality of the flexible mechanism; on the other hand, the strong and efficient international contractor will enter my country The general contracting enterprise will face double competition and severe challenges. Only by fully understanding this, accelerating the pace of reform, practicing internal skills, and actively developing domestic and foreign markets, can the general contracting enterprise be bigger and stronger.
2.1 Regulatory general contracting scale, optimize the organizational structure
The regulation scale is essentially the power to regulate the construction market. 2001-03 The State issued the "Regulations on Qualification Management of Construction Enterprises", which increased the thresholds of first-level enterprises. In the past, registered capital only required 30 million yuan, and now it is 50 million yuan. Yuan; In addition, a level 4 qualification enterprise has been canceled, only a special, 1 ~ 3 enterprise. The new qualification is conducive to the survival of the fittest of the general contracting enterprise. At the same time, it is also the key to establishing a strict market access and clearing system. Clarifying different qualifications and levels of enterprises can only bear equivalent projects with qualifications and scale. The pony is not allowed to pull the big car, and the big horse is also stopped. The general contracting enterprise should further adjust the organizational structure, strengthen the regulatory and regulatory functions, and focus on the general contracting management, so that the head office becomes a dense general contract management group in technology, intelligence, funds, and management. Branch shall form a private or private shares for the construction of independent property rights and qualifications. We should seize the opportunity of restructuring, and through policy guidance, form a number of survey and design companies with general contracting capabilities, support a group of international engineering companies with strong capital, talent agglomeration, technology leading, and excessive management, and participate in domestic and foreign market competition. The state must give certain special policies for these enterprises, carry out vertical and horizontal union, and form a large and strong construction management group as soon as possible in order to compete with international contractors to compete. Under the WTO rules, the government must take certain protection measures to open the construction market with limited and step -by -steps; the state can implement the overseas enterprise market to enter the license system or subsidize or protect key construction enterprises to avoid overseas enterprises' monopoly domestic domestic domestic domestic in China General contracting market.
2.2 rationalize the general contract management system, clarify the responsibility of general contracting management
based on the contract, clarify the responsibility, power, and profit of the total subcontract. The general contracting is responsible for the owner, and the subcontracting is responsible for the general contracting; the general contracting implements a unified plan, organization, coordination and supervision on the subcontracting. Only by rationalizing the relationship between the general contracting, subcontracting, supervision and owners, and clarifying their respective responsibilities, power, and interests can we truly establish the management concept of "small owners, large supervisors, general contracting". The subcontracting unit shall be resident project managers and labor operating units in the contract section in accordance with the contract section. The general contracting unit is responsible for handling the economic relationship with the owner, providing high -efficiency and high -quality services for the subcontracting unit, and comprehensively responsible for the owner, cooperate with and accept the supervision of supervision engineers, and carry out progress, quality, cost and safety of subcontractors Four control. The general contracting unit must have sufficient technical strength, management experience, and have the integrity character and strong financial resources to ensure the smooth performance of the contract.
2.3 Cultivation of composite talents
First of all, we must fully study the experience of the United States, Japan and other countries in project general contracting management, and work hard to practice in combination with Chinese reality. Secondly, it is necessary to cultivate composite talents from three levels: the government focuses on cultivating C-MPA talents of construction public management, enterprises focusing on cultivating C-MBA talents of construction industry and commerce, and the project department to cultivate C-MPM talents. The state should formulate corresponding policies and systems as soon as possible to cultivate a large number of compound management talents with strong professional knowledge, as well as strong legal knowledge, text level, foreign language level, and rich practical experience.
2.4 Establishing and improving laws and regulations for general contracting management, and gradually regulate the behavior of owners
The phenomenon of "cannot be accordance with, law enforcement is not strict with laws, and law enforcement" is still existed. Therefore, the market must be established and improved in the market. Management laws, regulations, and systems are complete, supporting each other, and avoiding cross -overlapping, missing vacancies, and conflict between each other. At the same time, it is necessary to give full play to and use laws and regulations, cultivate and develop my country's construction market system, and ensure that the project is included in the legal track from the entire process of planning, survey design, engineering construction to completion acceptance; Modify, fix the general contracting mode of the project in the form of legal form, and stipulate that all projects that meet the general contracting standards and scale of the project are generally not allowed to be parallel to zero, otherwise it is considered illegal. The construction industry should accelerate the establishment of a system of regulating the behavior of the owner, and gradually cure several difficulty in the current owner's price contracting, the funding contract, the random subcontracting, the request for rebate, and the arrears of the project. The environment is implemented to implement the general contracting management of engineering projects. But in practice, there are still some problems, mainly two points:
(1) The owner's responsibility problem. Due to the various reasons in the ownership and mechanism, the owner really cares about or actually considers during decision -making is often not the ultimate benefit of the project, but the will of superiors, their own achievements and interests, etc. The direct consequences of this are waste and Corruption, indirect consequences are the reduction of project benefits, resulting in a large amount of invalid investment. The root cause is that the project legal person responsibility system has not been implemented.
(2) The quality of the owner. As the investment subject of the project, the owner has the greatest decision -making power during the implementation process. Whether the decision -making is correct depends on its quality. As an owner, you should have the necessary project management knowledge, and understand the four major controls. You know that the cost of the project may not necessarily get better, the better the progress is, the better the quality, the better, the better the final creativity is used to measure and determine the project to determine the project. Reasonable costs, reasonable cycles and reasonable quality. When the owner blindly shoots an unreasonable cost, unreasonable cycle or unreasonable quality standards, it will often be counterproductive. The owner's project management involves many aspects of the selection of project management models, design and contractors, the coordination and control of the project, and the project management of the project. The owner should not replace and interfere with the management behavior of professional companies, nor can he give up the supervision and control of the project.
2.5 Improve professional supporting capabilities, meet the needs of general contracting
In initial construction general contracting, we must actively carry out the entire process of engineering construction for the owner, so that the owner believes his management strength and comprehensive supporting facilities ability. Through the implementation of the general contracting of construction and continuous accumulation of experience, you can transition to the general contracting practice of the project, that is, from the project, land acquisition, geological survey, solution design, construction drawing design, civil construction construction, equipment procurement and installation, single -machine trial -to -link debugging, and finally submit Key transfer operation, practice the entire process of general contracting mode. At the same time, we must pay attention to the development of diversified, and according to the needs of market development, while improving management capabilities and technical levels, pay attention to extending to the two ends of the main business, and actively develop design, supervision, foundation processing, steel structure production and installation and other professional supporting facilities Capability; forming decoration, intelligence, material, and mechanical leasing companies, making these professional companies support the main business, forming an industrial structure that supports the main business, improves the level of qualifications, and supports the general contracting qualifications. Each professional company should continuously improve the quality in market competition so that it has become a solid foundation for the general contracting of the project.
2.6 Promoting the transformation of general contracting enterprises to management, technology and intellectual -intensive enterprises
It to strengthen the general contracting capabilities, enhance overall strength and improve the general contract management level of large and special projects, we must adjust the business structure and deepen Manage the reform of the system and strengthen the regulatory ability. Constructing enterprise management, technology and intellectual dense management to meet the goals of general contract management operations. After signing the general contracting contract with the owner, in order to ensure the realization of the goals of the construction period and quality, to fulfill the commitment to the owner, adopt a positive organizational form to strengthen the comprehensive management of the project, and decompose the responsibility of the general contractor to each subcontracting to each subcontractor In the work plan and implementation of the business, we can make overall considerations, organize carefully, carefully arrange, and standardize construction. It is necessary to form a hard -working and efficient project team, give full play to the management and technical advantages of the head office, and supervise and coordinate the management of various professional subcontractors. At a critical moment, you can transfer the elite soldiers and mobilize the manpower, material resources, financial resources and machinery of the head office to ensure the realization of the goals of each key process point and fully display the overall strength.
2.7 Carry out project information management and improve the level of general contracting management
2.7.1 Realizing the network management of project management
The face of the current situation of the general contract management and the new situation after joining the WTO must be used. For modern management methods, project management information has become an inevitable trend. Giving full play to modern management methods is not only a need to integrate with international standards, but also the need for engineering construction management. The leading economy of China Water Conservancy -Knowledge Economy has come, and corresponding project management will also become a popular frontier field; well -known American magazine "Fortune" forecast project manager will become the first choice of young people in the 21st century. At present, foreign project management companies have used a large number of computer network technology in project management to realize the network management and virtualization of project management. In response to the characteristics of the knowledge economy, experts believe that project management should actively carry out networked operations and realize management informationization, and should also implement advanced business strategies. Specifically, including virtual operations, cooperation competition, global strategy and cross -cultural competition. Virtual operation is the trend of management and management in the era of knowledge economy. Virtual operation and construction enterprises must control key resources and capabilities and cannot be controlled by people. The purpose is to use its own strong advantages and limited resources and capabilities to maximize Enterprise competitiveness; the purpose of cooperation competition is to face the rapidly changing environment and fierce market competition, and strive to achieve a win -win situation on the premise of greater interests.
. 2.7.2 The development of the international market must be in line with the international market
For a long time, my country has operated according to the planned economic model, resulting in a large gap between domestic survey and design, construction and installation, and other companies. Risk awareness. In order to go abroad and participate in international competition, developing the international market must be fully connected with international practice. FIDIC (International Consultation Engineer Federation) Contract condition is based on the summary of the experience of engineering contracting contracts in the past century, and has been revised and published many times. It reflects the common laws of construction projects, and fully considers the responsibilities and rights of the owners, contractors, and subcontractors, and strives to not partitative any party. The convention of contracting is written, and many terms have a common understanding in the engineering contracting community. Therefore, the FIDIC contract terms are scientific, fair, rigorous, standardized and international. For the FIDIC contract, my country has adopted and accumulated some experience in some large or international projects, but it is not common enough to use it, and the propaganda is not wide enough. We should organize the formulation of contract templates that are suitable for my country's national conditions as soon as possible, and increase promotion and publicity. We must change the reform of the project management system. , Local and departmental divisions are divided into a situation where protectionism is serious. Facing the unpredictable international market, we can only enter the international market smoothly only by truly penetrating international practice, standards and regulations, etc., and at the same time be protected by international laws.
2.7.3 Establish a qualified credit system
The core of the vitality of foreign -related engineering is to establish a qualified credit system. Although my country's qualifications and credit system establishment and management have improved, they are affected by various factors, and high -qualified enterprises are more and generally credible. Sometimes more than -level contracting and unlicensed construction occur. This makes foreign owners obviously distrust the qualifications and credit of domestic governments or relevant agencies at all levels or relevant agencies. If the domestic qualifications and credit systems that meet international practice cannot be established as soon as possible, it will not only cause many troubles to our construction enterprises, but also increasing the competition, my country's construction enterprises will not be able to survive at all.
2.7.4 Specificational contract management
The key to the smooth implementation of foreign -related projects is to keep the contract between the two parties. The specified contract documents can ensure the smooth implementation of the project if it can be effectively implemented. Foreign personnel attach great importance to contract management, because contract documents are the main basis for construction, acceptance, payment and claims. From the preparation, bidding, business negotiations, and signing of contracts for bidding documents, the foreign parties are very serious. They pay great attention to laws and norms, written evidence, and the accuracy of the implementation of contract conditions. During the implementation of foreign -related projects, there are many types of documents with legal effects, and there are many types of documents with similar contracts. Agreement, winning letters, contract conditions, technical specifications, drawings, engineering quantity lists, and meeting minutes are all legal effect. Whether it is submitting arbitration or litigation, there is no written evidence that it is equal to losing. At present, due to special national conditions, with human relationships, leadership intervention and many factors, some domestic enterprises have a weak concept of rule of law in the rule of law, indifferent contract concepts, and diluted evidence. Once a foreign -related contract dispute occurs, it often loses the lawsuit and has suffered heavy losses.
3 End of the end
In summary, actively implementing the general contracting of projects is an important measure to deepen the implementation of the implementation of the implementation method of the project, improve the level of engineering construction management, ensure the quality and investment efficiency of the project, and regulate the order of the construction market; It is an inevitable requirement for survey, design, construction, and supervision units to adjust its business structure, enhance comprehensive strength, accelerate the international standards, adapt to the new situation after adapting to the socialist market economy and the new situation after joining the WTO; Strategies, actively develop the international contracting market, drive the export of technology, electromechanical equipment and engineering materials in my country, promote labor output, and improve the effective ways of international competitiveness. The general contracting of engineering projects is still constantly practicing exploration, and understanding and understanding are also one -sided. The construction of engineering projects with a large number of professionals and managers is a better model for development in socialization and professionalization. It needs to be further summarized, improved, and improved in future engineering construction practice.
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